Assisted Suicide How Can A Person Reach Salvation If...

Another question Weber might ask about assisted suicide is: How can a person reach salvation if they kill themselves? In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber explains that, â€Å"the rational organization of life on the basis of the idea of the calling. It was born out of the spirit of Christian asceticism† (Weber, 1930, CST pp. 307). This means that people live to fulfill their calling. Their calling can be their work, some accomplishment, or anything that they feel is their purpose in life. Since Weber believed that the purpose in life is to fulfill this calling, he might answer that a person can still reach salvation if they have fulfilled their purpose in life. He claims, â€Å"the psychological motivation that arose out of the conception of work as a calling and as the means best suited (and in the end often as the sole means) for the devout to become certain of their state of salvation† (Weber, 1930, CST pp. 307). By fulfilling their calling, a person can confirm that he has achieved salvation. This confirmation is the psychological motivation to live a purposeful life. He also pointed out that â€Å"people do not wish ‘by nature’ to earn more and more money. Instead, they wish simply to live, and to live as they have been accustomed and to earn as much as is required to do so† (Weber, 1930, CST pp. 301). People want to live their lives simply. So by fulfilling their calling to the required minimum for the guarantee of salvation, an individual will be content.Show MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Physician Assisted Suicide1349 Words   |  6 PagesPaper Two- Physician Assisted Suicide Throughout many years, Individuals have struggled with the thoughts of physically harming themselves, which usually leads to suicide. Depression and anxiety are a disease that takes over human-beings self-determination. Many young individuals reach the point of believing, if they were no longer alive the world they are associated with will no longer be dark and evil. Also, older individuals believe if they take their own life, then they will not suffer anymoreRead MoreThe Death Of Physician Assisted Suicide1348 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout many years, Individuals have struggled with the thoughts of physically harming themselves, which usually leads to suicide. Depression and anxiety is a disease that takes over human-beings self-determination. Many young individuals reach the point of believing the concept of if they were no longer alive the world they are associated in will no longer be dark and evil. Also, older individuals believe if they take their own life then they will not suffer anymore. Recently in some states,Read MoreThe Key Beliefs Within Two Religious Traditions4561 Words   |  19 Pagessacrificed himself for us by doing this, to redeem our sins so that we can go to heaven to be with Christ for eternity. â€Å"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.† (John 3:16) Some symbols in the Catholic faith also relate to our beliefs on life after death, such as the cross. The cross reminds us that Jesus died on the cross for our salvation, to allow our souls eternal happiness with God in heaven. Catholics believeRead MoreWomen as Commodity8915 Words   |  36 Pageseither mother or father. Surrogate Mothers Assisted reproduction has contributed to the fragmentation of motherhood. Historically, the social and biological aspects of motherhood resided in one person. Maternity is now divisible into genetic, gestational, and social motherhood, and these roles can be spread among a number of women. This division is most apparent in the case of surrogate mothers, where at least three (and possibly as many as five) women can attempt to claim parental rights over a childRead MoreWomen as Commodity8899 Words   |  36 Pagesmother or father. Surrogate Mothers Assisted reproduction has contributed to the fragmentation of motherhood. Historically, the social and biological aspects of motherhood resided in one person. Maternity is now divisible into genetic, gestational, and social motherhood, and these roles can be spread among a number of women. This division is most apparent in the case of surrogate mothers, where at least three (and possibly as many as five) women can attempt to claim parental rights over a childRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages d. Main reasons for environmental problems nowadays 5. Religion a. Religion divides more than it unites b. Religion and politics c. Science and religion 6. Terrorism a. Can terrorism ever be eradicated? 7. Sports a. True purpose of sports nowadays b. Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. BusinessesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRating Scale 166 Comparison Data 166 Source of Personal Stress 166 3 SOLVING PROBLEMS ANALYTICALLY AND CREATIVELY 167 SKILL ASSESSMENT 168 Diagnostic Surveys for Creative Problem Solving 168 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 168 How Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 EvaluatingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAttractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 ExperientialRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages(the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time,Read MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesevents, a similar method of presentation is apparent in one of the principal sources of The Aim of the Sage, the encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Ihwà ¢n al-Safà ¢). What follows is a survey of the whole, with a sketch of the sources, as far as they can at present be identified. No attempt has been made to impose a logical order on the illogicality of the book. Book I In the preface, after some autobiographical material, the author gives his reason for writing the work, which is to shed light on the

Essay on Defining Voluntarism - 2136 Words

1. (652) In the reading of The Sources of Normativity, Christine Korsgaard discusses four basic theories for the justification of morality: Voluntarism, Realism, Reflective Endorsement, and the Appeal to Autonomy. For the purpose of this essay, I will be defining Voluntarism, outlining the argument that Korsgaard presents for Voluntarism, and explain her criticism for why it fails. First of all, let me start off by defining the meaning of Voluntarism. Voluntarism is the theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is to be conceived as some form of will (or conation). This theory is contrasted to intellectualism, which gives primacy to God’s reason. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) The will, as referred to in the†¦show more content†¦Christine Korsgaard’s criticism for the reason why the theory of Voluntarism fails reflects upon the fact that the authority or divine power making the laws can make anything right or wrong. Korsgaard goes on to explain a si tuation in which you are a student in her department and are thereby required to take a particular course, in this case, a logic course in order to receive your degree. If you are in her department and she, having authority over you, requires you to take the course and you fail to do so, then you are at risk of not receiving your degree. On the other hand, if you are not a student in her department, she can give several reasons as to why the logic course is needed but you are not required to take the course and can hereby make a decision as to whether or not you wish to take the course, which Korsgaard goes on to explain, is why authority is needed in order to enforce the laws. You can take the course because you realize the importance, out of fear of not receiving your degree, or just for the simple fact that it is a required course. Even if the obligation was removed, the question lies among whether or not the moral agent will continue to perform the duty. It is Korsgaard’s theory that a governing body is needed to enforce the obligation in order for the action to take place and that governing body is, in what she believes, our own self. We â€Å"command ourselves† to do what is morally right, good, and just. For example, prior to theShow MoreRelatedEuthyphro, A Dialogue Written By Plato1099 Words   |  5 Pagesand the definition of theological voluntarism, it will become apparent that Euthyphro is not a theological voluntarist. This paper will first explain the definition of theological voluntarism, and what it means to be a voluntarist; next it will describe Euthyphro’s definitions of piety and the flaws of them. Finally, I will consider an objection and follow with my answer and conclusion. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, theological voluntarism is a belief that â€Å"entities of someRead MoreMilton Friedman And The Social Responsibility Of Business Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesto ensure that the ethical rights of no stakeholder are violated and to balance the legitimate interests of the stakeholders when making decisions. This approach sought to broaden the concept of business beyond its traditional economic roots, by defining stakeholders as any group or individual who is affected by or can affect the achievement of an organization s objectives. Managers need to understand the concerns of their organization’s stakeholders to develop objectives that stakeholders wouldRead MoreEssay about Nonprofit Organizations2064 Words   |  9 Pagesorganizations exist and what do they do. II. Planning in Nonprofit organizations 1. The importance of planning 2. Steps in planning a. setting goals b. identifying the needs of those whom the goals will serve c. developing and defining specific role and mission of organization d. specific organizational objectives e. setting priorities f. measuring results III. Budgeting Nonprofit organizations 1. Importance of budgeting 2. Steps in budget process a.definingRead More Is The Second Sex Beauvoirs Application of Sartrean Existentialism?3713 Words   |  15 Pagesborn a woman but becomes one--presupposes Sartres argument that existence precedes essence: that human beings become what they are on the basis of no pre-given necessity or nature (Kruks 1). Ive argued myself, in a early essay, that this voluntarism reflects a Sartrean influence. Kate and Edward Fullbrook (1994) have challenged these interpretations of Beauvoir as a Sartrean, arguing that Beauvoirs metaphysical novel, She Came to Stay (1943), traditionally assumed to be an applicationRead MoreThe Idea Of An Omnipotent Essay1870 Words   |  8 Pagessuccess. In this essay, I intend to look at, as the question poses, whether ‘A being is omnipotent if it has every power which it is logically possible to possess’ is an adequate definition of omnipotent and then move on to look at some other ways of defining omnipotence to see if they do any better. Omnipotent quite literally means all powerful, Omni- all, potent-powerful. Most theists believe there to be one all-powerful, perfect being, so the idea of an omnipotent being is essential to mostRead MoreRole of Ngo in Environmental Management1783 Words   |  8 Pagesare typically value based organizations which depend, in whole or in part, on charitable donations and voluntary service. Although theNGO sector has become increasingly professional over the last two decades, principles of altruism and voluntarism remain key defining characters. NGOs range in their size and scope from large charities as CARE, OXFAM, World Vision of global fame to regional, national and community based self help groups. They include research centres, religious institutions and professionalRead MoreManaging Non Profit Organisations7701 Words   |  31 Pagesvoluntary agencies in their dual functions as value-guardians and service-providers; Hudson (1999) and Paton (1996) identify the valueorienta tion of non-profit organisations as their essential feature; Tonkiss and Passey (1999) suggests that trust and voluntarism are at the centre of non-profit organisations. Billis (1989) sees ambiguity as the essence of most non-profit organisations; and Lohmann (1989) finds that the notion of the commons is the key to understanding this type of organisation. The problemRead MoreGood Csr - Bad Csr in Telecommunications Industry4557 Words   |  19 Pagesactivities and thus contributing to the firm s effectiveness in accomplishing its mission†. The Lee Burke and Jeanne M. Logsdon framework (BL) essentially talks about five dimensions of corporate strategy – namely centrality, specificity, proactivity, voluntarism and visibility - which according to them should be the basis for identifying the relationship between CSR and the firms strategic interest. 2. SELECTION OF INDUSTRY I have chosen the telecom industry and have done comparative evaluationRead MoreIn the story of The Island of â€Å"Kora†, the island had been devastated by a violent earthquake that2800 Words   |  12 Pagesdivine command theory hold that the concept of right and wrong is that God either commanded the action or it is forbidden by God. That God was the deciding factor and nothing else. (Frankena, 1963, 28). Most of divine command theory or theological voluntarism comes from faith based texts such as the Christian Bible. This text is claimed to be the inspired word of God. The divine command theory stresses what is the morally acceptable choice that is based upon what God has provided through his word andRead MoreSocial Lens5121 Words   |  21 Pagesscience of the twentieth century, describes this as a cyclical two mode process, alternating between ‘normal science’ and ‘scientific revolutions’. The first activity is where the majority of academi cs spend most of their career, predicated on a defining, consensual and shared community of values, beliefs and educational resources that tend to suppress alternative views. However, over time anomalies and internal contradictions evolve and accumulate. They cannot be evaded, subvert the existing tradition

Successful Female Crime Drama Leads Where Does that Leave...

In recent years, there has been a gender shift in crime dramas on television. In the 70s, 80s, and early 90s, the viewer saw the lead characters to be heavily male dominated with a woman thrown in for mostly sex appeal. The shift from the stereotypical nuclear family, with a stay-at-home mom, has impacted many genres of television programing and exemplified in Paul Cantor’s â€Å"The Simpson: Atomistic Politics and the Nuclear Family,† when referring to the deviation from a historic ideal family â€Å"in fact [the breakdown] should be regarded as a form of liberation from an image of the family that may have been good enough for the 1950’s but is no longer valid in the 1990’s† (737). Popular television has extracted â€Å"women† from their â€Å"household†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦However, the viewer never really sees her as a mother but as an agent in the FBI. Deborah Jermyn examines this issue in â€Å"Women with a Mission: L ynda La Plante, DCI Jane Tennison and the Reconfiguration of TV Crime Drama,† in which she claims, â€Å"to cross the boundaries of equality of profession and establish credibility, many of the lead females are portrayed as single and childless or an absentee parent (48). The negative message sent to viewers is that motherhood takes a back seat to a career that has importance. While there are women who will choose a career over motherhood, for most women motherhood and the caring of their child is a priority in their life. This portrayal of motherhood undermines the reality of what motherhood is to a woman. Crime dramas also tend to portray women as unable to have a career and simply be happy. Women are unrealistically portrayed in the workplace. There always seems to be a character that is running from a personal demon. There is Olivia Benson in Law and Order: SVU who cannot maintain a meaningful relationship with a man. She is either constantly single or sucked into a relationship that has several problems such as a boyfriend on the police force who finds himself in a bind because of his tendency to indulge in illegal activities. CSI’s Catherine Willows always struggled with motherhood and being a single mom. She has an ex-husband who, for the longest time throughout theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Results of Children in Fatherless Homes16087 Words   |  65 Pagesepidemic in American society. Both forms of disrupted families are harmful to children and to society. The children of single parents are more likely to do poorly in school, commit crimes, and become single parent s themselves. In addition, the increase in single-parent families contributes to such social problems as poverty, crime, and a decline in the quality of public education. Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth are transforming the lives of American children. In the postwar generation more thanRead MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 Pages I ve tried everything women are supposed to do, one woman confessed to Friedan. Hobbies, gardening, pickling, canning, being very social with my neighbors, joining committees, running PTA teas. I can do it all, and I like it, but it doesn t leave you anything to think about — any feeling of who you are. ... I love the kids and Bob and my home. There s no problem you can even put a name to. But I m desperate. I begin to feel I have no personality. I m a server of food and putter-on of pantsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were severalRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesWunderkind The Jockey Madame Zilensky and the King of Finland The Sojourner A Domestic Dilemma A Tree, a Rock, a Cloud The Ballad of the Sad Cafà © The town itself is dreary; not much is there except the cotton mill, the two-room houses where the workers live, a few peach trees, a church with two colored windows, and a miserable main street only a hundred yards long. On Saturdays the tenants from the near-by farms come in for a day of talk and trade. Otherwise the town is lonesome, sadRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfull expectations and be an effective instructional tool. Although case books abound, you and your students may find this somewhat unique and very readable, a book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny

Military Service Should Be Mandatory For All American...

Mandatory Military Service Military service should be mandatory for all American citizens. In lighter terms we could refer to it as the All American Selective Service Act, which will require all Americans to register for Selective Service as equal partners in the defense of America (Rangel). The average person, at one point or another, considers what they are going to do with their lives. The military has something to offer everyone. Deciding what to do with your life can be filled with uncertainty and procrastination. Selective service offers invaluable experiences, improves character, teach much needed skills and increase patriotism or appreciation for freedom. Due to recent increase in riots regarding black lives matter and our new president elect it demonstrates that the average American citizens needs to experience the entire aspect of how America operates. It would be helpful for citizens to see another side of life instead of what they have been subjected to possibly their entire life. Some may say that Selective service violates our freedom, destroys voluntarism and diverts youth from college education or career pursuit but destroying our America by violent demonstrations and turning on one another should not be the American way (NYLN). So maybe by having the enriched military experience it will bring the American people together for a common goal which is to make American great. The military provides invaluable experiences for the youth of America. Those whoShow MoreRelatedMilitary Should Be Mandatory Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pages In current times, roughly 99.5% of American citizens don’t serve in the military in their lifetime. But is something that needs to be changed by force? Some people could argue that service in the United States military should be mandatory for everyone–in reality, though, that is an impossible and overall disastrous idea. Military service is something that only some people can do–not all people can deal with the lasting effects of war, including many mental illnesses and Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderRead MoreEssay about Our America: Your Duty1516 Words   |  7 Pagesare two classes of people, Civilians and Citizens. What are the differences? Citizens are the men and women, rich or poor that serve in the Federal Service; service guarantees citizenship. This is a short period in which a person serves in the military. A universal service that requires young (Americans) citizen, men and females: healthy and the disable, to obligatory serve an allotment of time. Basically, you have to earn the right to be called a citizen; this sounds like a good idea. CiviliansRead MoreShould Military Service Be Mandatory?1426 Words   |  6 PagesShould Military Service be Mandatory in the United States? In the world today, there is approximately fifty percent of countries that mandate their citizens to serve in their military for an extended period of time. Those countries that do require their citizens to serve base it on the simple fact that they need to be ready for war at a moments notice and if all their citizens know how to fight they will succeed in any battle in which they are placed. Israel, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, GermanyRead MoreShould the United States have Mandatory Military Conscription?816 Words   |  4 PagesThe price of freedom should be borne by all, rich or poor. I learned this first hand as a United States Army Recruiter and a volunteer soldier who fought in two wars representing my country. As a military recruiter from 1971 to 1991, I was tasked with soliciting men and women who were high school graduates to enlist into the United States Army. Often times I would call a home to speak to a graduate about joining the army, and a mother would answer; I would tell her the purpose of my call, and oftenRead MoreLiterature And Law : The Military Draft1102 Words   |  5 PagesAnthony Appiah Mr. Skardal Literature and Law The military draft would require compulsory military service instead of voluntary service. It started in 1940 when volunteering personnel were not enough for the USA army. Thus, men were compulsorily drafted to join the army. Now, the USA no longer compulsorily drafts men to join the army. However, countries such as Switzerland do still draft its men. Conscription in US, also known as the draft, starts after Congress passed a legislation, which hasRead MoreUnited States Adopt A Similar Type Of Policy Of Mandatory Conscription1578 Words   |  7 Pagespeople to serve two years of military service, and as we continue to have military conflicts across the world, some people have proposed that the united states adopt a similar type of policy of mandatory conscription. I believe that a two-year period of national service should be obligatory for all 18 year olds. It’ll help strengthen the character of youth, and will help increase the collective conscience of a nation and the rest raint of leaders when considering military action. As we have 18 yearRead MoreThe Art of War by Sun Tzu Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesis evident: military service. Mandatory military service in the United States for individuals 18 years of age for a period of two years would have numerous benefits, as well as alleviate many problems facing America. Compulsory military service gives a second chance to high school dropouts. StatisticBrain.com reports that 90% of jobs in the States are not available to dropouts. These dropouts more than likely will end up on the streets, wreaking havoc and harm upon law-abiding citizens. 75% of U.SRead MoreMandatory Military Conscription and Its Effect on Society Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesserve. However these men and women only make up a small percentage of the United States population. Should all men and women be required to serve in the U.S. armed forces when they graduate from high school or should the United States require mandatory military service? Mandatory military service, or conscription, may be as old as mankind itself. Conscription says that during a time of war all able bodied men and women must serve to defend their country. Many people commonly know conscriptionRead MoreEssay on Military Service Should be Mandatory822 Words   |  4 PagesMilitary Service Should be Mandatory Americans, especially baby boomers, should be ashamed of themselves. How can the worlds richest population let its military go begging for recruits? Each year, the military services -- Air Force, Army, Marines, Navy -- establish recruiting goals to maintain adequate numbers of personnel. The numbers change annually depending on, among other factors, service needs, recruitment figures the year before and retention of current troops. Most informed folksRead MoreMandatory Military Service in the United States Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesMandatory Military Service in the United States The idea that members of a community have the duty to defend it, is as old as civilization itself (Ruschmann 10). The United States has an extensive history, starting with the original thirteen States of involuntary conscription in time of conflict. Citizen’s service is a standard principle of American military service, which places the obligation of service upon citizens to serve and to ensure that the state require those citizens to serve (Dalehite

KING HENRY VI, PART II Essay Example For Students

KING HENRY VI, PART II Essay A monologue from the play by William ShakespeareQUEEN: Be woe for me, more wretched than he is.What, dost thou turn away, and hide thy face?I am no loathsome leper. Look on me. What? Art thou like the adder waxen deaf?Be poisonous too, and kill thy forlorn queen.Is all thy comfort shut in Gloucesters tomb?Why, then Dame Margaret was neer thy joy.Erect his statue and worship it,And make my image but an alehouse sign.Was I for this nigh wracked upon the seaAnd twice by awkward wind from Englands bankDrove back again unto my native clime?What boded this but well-forewarning windDid seem to say, Seek not a scorpions nestNor set no footing on this unkind shore?What did I then but cursed the gentle gustsAnd he that loosed them forth their brazen caves,And bid them blow toward Englands blessed shoreOr turn our stern upon a dreadful rock?Yet Aeolus would not be a murderer,But left that hateful office unto thee. The pretty vaulting sea refused to drown me,Knowing that thou wouldst have me drowned on shoreWith tears as salt as sea through thy unkindness.The splitting rocks cowered in the sinking sandsAnd would not dash me with their ragged sides,Because they flinty heart, more hard than they,Might in thy palace perish Margaret.As far as I could ken thy chalky cliffs,When from thy shore the tempest beat us back,I stood upon the hatches in the storm,And when the dusky sky began to robMy earnest-gaping sight of thy lands view,I took a costly jewel from my neck,A heart it was, bound in with diamonds,And threw it toward thy land. The sea received it,And so I wished thy body might my heart;And even with this I lost fair Englands view,And bid mine eyes be packing with my heart,And called them blind and dusky spectaclesFor losing ken of Albions wished coast. How often have I tempted Suffolks tongue(The agent of thy foul inconstancy)To sit and witch me as Ascanius didWhen he to madding Dido would unfoldHis fathers acts commenced in burning Troy!Am I not witched like her? or thou not false like him?Ay me, I can no more. Die, Margaret!For Henry weeps that thou dost live so long.

Accounting Theory Ontology and Epistemology

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory for Ontology and Epistemology . Answer: Introduction The paper examines the ontology and epistemology of positive research and compared the same with positive accounting research to draw references and conclusions about the relationship between human behaviors and accounting settings in the society. The aim of the paper is to undertake a testing by the statistical and hypothesis methods and enable drawing of meaningful conclusions. The aim of the critics is to bring to limelight the shortcomings and flaws in the research models and techniques, each of which is discussed with a sufficient number of results of regression and coefficients and this is the main argument of the paper. Positive accounting is widely practiced these days and so whether it is achieving its aims and objectives would be worth testing. The illustrations from a few good papers are considered and discussed. The real potential of positive accounting might be liberated in the Kuhnian crisis and revolution, the prospects of which are discussed. The discussion of the pro spect gives a glaring example of the current scenario. In a nutshell, the critics justify the real reasons as to why positive accounting research has not been able to achieve its full potential (Fogarty Markarian, 2007). Moreover, this also sheds light on the shortcomings of positive accounting. It is widely said that human being is a rational animal. So human behaviors react based on the circumstances and situations and this does not guarantee a same human reaction even in two similar situations. The main argument of this paper is based on this human behavior and the inquiry built on a scientific research project. The beliefs of various religions are examined and the scientific research has concluded that the world is rationally comprehensible (Spiceland et. al, 2011). The application of scientific research in accounting and the deficiencies in its implementation are discussed. The paper aims at increasing the effectiveness of the positive research by offering some suggestions. The examples from a few relevant research models are presented (Ashton et. al, 2004). Such examples come as an eye opener. These approaches assume that humans act rationally but not in all cases. Hence, this is subjected to some limitation. Fukuyama also suggests that the fundamental concept of a rat ional human behavior is true in 80% of the cases. The end results and expectations are significant. Thus this shows hoe some faulty management decisions are being carried out despite pointing out of the same by the auditors. Hence, it is clear that the management does not completely take into consideration all the fundamentals provided by the auditors and hence, the results carry some deficiencies (Lapsley, 2012). The statistical and hypothesis methods are used to test the different situations of reactions of auditors in real time based on the rationality of human being assumption. But all this has largely failed to explain the real reasons behind the same. The results of these hypothesis methods are largely dependent on the samples selected and hence it fails to achieve its objective. It gets reduced to mere statements that establish relationships between to variables though in real time there are a lot of factors and not just two variables (Frankel et. al, 2002). The fundamental requirement would be to test theories competing against each other rather than testing a single theory for different conditions or hypothesis. Testing different theories will become significant as it will help in determining the status and will lead to a projection of the real scenario (Davila Foster, 2007). This paper focuses that there is a need for better theoretical models that are taken more seriously and are highly specified and highly vulnerable. Apart from this, measurement methods have to be better to enable rigorous testing. The testing should be error free and this can be done when models are effective in nature. Reliable relationships with proxies have to be established which will lead to better linear relationships and establishment of measurement concepts. This will ensure that research papers do not focus on hypothesis testing alone. This leads to a major shift towards the estimation of parameters. Thus the development of measurement concepts is seen as the new way of a disciplined research activity. The results of all this will yield fruits if there is extensive replication, both to confirm the accuracy of the measurements and to explore the limitations of the research. The research question in this article is to examine the effectiveness of positive accounting research and whether there exists any logic or set of predefined notions based on which accountants and auditors act. This is debated both for and against, the critics occupying a major part, though. The hypothesis tested is by taking samples of audit fees charged against the complexity of the audits and the size of the audit firm. This quantitative research tests the basis on which the audit fees are charged, presentation strategies by auditors and use of regression techniques which also form a part of the hypothesis. Type I errors are identified in this model due to the high level of misspecification. The qualitative research tests whether auditors merely fill in the results in the theoretical framework or also test the validity and relevance of the same for the current project. Thus the critical research analysis proves that the hypothesis and testing can never be fool proof and practicall y feasible. The aim of the hypothesis is only to prove that the null hypothesis is wrong though the results are largely based on the sample. Hence this appears to be no closer to reality. This evidences that hypothesis testing provides weak evidence in support of the alternative hypothesis. This leads us to doubt the established facts though we are grossly unaware about which of the facts are true and which not. Thus the value of hypothesis is not very significant in the positive accounting research. Thus the literature review of the paper is to test whether positive accounting research is meeting its aims and objectives and the qualitative and quantitative research models are a reminder of the fact that seeing theories succeed is almost astounding. In short, the entire focus is on positive accounting. Theoretical Framework: It is the varying behavior of the accounting firms and auditors that lead to this research and hypothesis. The overall framework of the accountancy profession is dependent and governed by a set of rules to be followed like accounting standards, so on and so forth. Still, the deviation from these standards and different behaviors in similar situations is the driving force behind this research (Tinker et. al, 1982). The research acts as a bridge that will help in solving various situations. The theoretical substance of the paper is to test the effectiveness of positive accounting research and statistical and hypothesis methods are used for the same. It would be pertinent to mention that statistical methods have its own shortcomings and it is largely governed by the hypothesis conditions decided as the null hypothesis and the probabilities of the occurrence. The results of this hypothesis are widely dependent upon the samples chosen which might not necessarily be a true reflective of the entire population. In short, the selection of the samples might not lead to a fruitful result because a said sample cannot be an indicator of the entire population. Hence, it suffers from this limitation. Another drawback of the hypothesis is that only one alternative hypothesis is considered and if it is weak, then it might be consistent with different theories. The Significance and Limitations of the Article: The limitations of the testing methods and hypothesis are well explained in the earlier sections. To overcome these deficiencies, a more practical approach has to be adopted. The deficiencies of the testing methods are in fact well recognized by the author as the critic of the concept is presented by the findings of various authors. The author draws theoretical conclusions from the research by using the statistical methods that positive accounting research is not achieving its aims and objectives. The results of the hypothesis prove the rational behavior of accountants and auditors who react based on facts and circumstances (Francis, 2006). These limitations give us a feel that the testing methodologies are a mere eyewash and do not lead to any meaningful conclusions that could contribute to the growth of positive accounting research. It would be pertinent to note that though the article discusses at length the limitations of the hypothesis methods, it not reduce the significance as the author has also made a serious attempt to provide solutions for a successful positive research program like using vulnerable models that are stringently tested, use of analytical modeling, a focus on measurement rather than testing, replication and more replication (Antle et. al, 2006). The article further goes down to explain why things are like this and the existence of constraints, what it takes to make a theoretically strong framework. Conclusion The paper focuses on the fact that if positive accounting research is having deficiencies, it would not be justified to say that a paper should not be published highlighting its anomaly. It is a clear cut fact that positive accounting is not free from limitation and considering the practice it looks difficult in practice. The fact that this hypothesis and testing is showing results of anomaly is representative of the fact that further research in possibly the right direction is likely to occur which will improve the quality of positive accounting research and contribute largely to the profession of accounting and auditing. Acknowledging the fact that accounting is always subject to measurement error, statistics has a role to play but the problem is that it is being wrongly used and hence an efficient positive accounting research should aim at estimation. Moreover, the sample size cannot be a representation of the entire population hence; there appears a big difference (Carol et. al, 2016). Hence, this is one of the difficult scenarios that is faced while doing the research. Positive accounting research has got meaningful contributions to make for the understanding of human behavior and the accounting it encompasses. However, its current results are based on statistics that are difficult to interpret as it differs from sample to sample. Positive accounting research is also currently dependent upon theories that are not challenged as its applicability is assumed to exist rather than being experienced and evidenced (Watts Supreme, 1986). It proves that though deficiencies exist in the social systems, it does not limit the scope of research and does not preclude the adoption of a better social system with the advancing technologies and knowledge. With a better plan and implementation positive accounting can prove to be better practice and hence, can lead to a sound practice. References Antle, R., Gordon, E., Narayanamoorthy, G., Zhou, L 2006, The joint de-termination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals, Review of Quantitative Finance Accounting vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 235-266. Ashton, D., Dunmore, P., Tippett, M 2004, Double-entry bookkeeping and the distributional properties of a financial ratio, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 583-606. Carol, A.A, Brad, P, Prakash J. S, Jodi Y 2016, Exploring the implications of integrated reporting for social investment (disclosures), The British Accounting Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 283296 Davila, A Foster, G., 2007, Management control systems in early-stage startup companies, The Accounting Review vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 907- 937. Fogarty, T. J Markarian, G 2007, An empirical assessment of the rise and fall of accounting as an academic discipline, Issues in Accounting Education vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 137- 161. Francis, J. R 2006, Are auditors compromised by audit services? Assessing the evidence, Contemporary Accounting Research vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 747- 760. Frankel, R. M., Johnson, M. F., Nelson, K. K 2002, The relation between auditors' fees for non audit services and earnings management, Accounting Review vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 71. Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw Tinker, T, B. Merino, Neimark M 1982, The Normative Origins of Positive Theories: Ideology and Accounting Thought, Accounting, Organizations and Society vol. 2, pp. 167200. Watts, R. Supreme J 1986, Positive Accounting Theory, Edgewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.